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Sunday, June 29, 2008

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Loan

A loan is a type of debt. All material things can be lent but this article focuses exclusively on monetary loans. Like all debt instruments, a loan entails the redistribution of financial assets over time, between the lender and the borrower.

The borrower initially receives an amount of money from the lender, which they pay back, usually but not always in regular installments, to the lender. This service is generally provided at a cost, referred to as interest on the debt. A borrower may be subject to certain restrictions known as loan covenants under the terms of the loan.

Acting as a provider of loans is one of the principal tasks for financial institutions. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding. Bank loans and credit are one way to increase the money supply.

Legally, a loan is a contractual promise of a debtor to repay a sum of money in exchange for the promise of a creditor to give another sum of money.

US Insurance Company

International - medical and health care insurance

Meet BUPA International

We are the specialist international division of BUPA, the UK's leading health and care organisation. As a provident organisation, BUPA has no shareholders to pay.

We are the world's largest international expatriate health insurer with nearly 700,000 members in 190 countries worldwide. As a member, you'll feel reassured that you're in safe hands wherever you travel.


We are the world's largest provider of international expatriate health insurance, supplying quality individual and group medical cover to people who are in their home country or living and working abroad.

Whether you're looking for a medical health insurance plan for yourself, your family or your employees, we can offer you exceptional levels of protection and support.

BUPA International home | contact us

Contact us

We can help you with any queries or concerns you have.

Thinking about joining Bupa International?

New customers can speak to our advisers about any questions they may have about joining BUPA International.

For personal enquiries contact:
telephone: +44 (0) 1273 208181
fax: +44 (0) 1273 866583
email: advice@bupa-intl.com

For business enquiries
telephone: +44 (0) 1273 208200
fax: +44 (0) 1273 866583
email: companynewbus@bupa-intl.com


Customer services

Our existing members can speak to our customer services team who are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Please contact us on:

telephone: +44 (0) 1273 323563
fax: +44 (0) 1273 820517
email: info@bupa-intl.com


Postal address

All customers can write to us at this address:

Russell House
Russell Mews
Brighton
BN1 2NR
East Sussex
United Kingdom

International health insurance for you or your family

Medical insurance cover for you and your family if you are living in your home country or living and working abroad. Our insurance plans offer:

  • choice and flexibility with different levels of cover
  • 24 hour multi-lingual helpline, open 365 days a year
  • access to MembersWorld, an online service to access your health plan.

Lifeline

This comprehensive, worldwide medical insurance plan covers you and your family and there are three levels of cover to choose from:


HealthPlan Complete

Ideal for expatriates who live between Spain and another European country including the UK.


Medical travel insurance plans from IHI

Our International partner, IHI, offers medical travel insurance plans.


Guernsey

Ideal for Guernsey residents.


Australia

Specifically for UK nationals living and working in Australia who want to avoid paying extra tax on healthcare (Medicare Levy Surcharge).

International health insurance for you or your family

Medical insurance cover for you and your family if you are living in your home country or living and working abroad. Our insurance plans offer:

  • choice and flexibility with different levels of cover
  • 24 hour multi-lingual helpline, open 365 days a year
  • access to MembersWorld, an online service to access your health plan.

Lifeline

This comprehensive, worldwide medical insurance plan covers you and your family and there are three levels of cover to choose from:


HealthPlan Complete

Ideal for expatriates who live between Spain and another European country including the UK.


Medical travel insurance plans from IHI

Our International partner, IHI, offers medical travel insurance plans.


Guernsey

Ideal for Guernsey residents.


Australia

Specifically for UK nationals living and working in Australia who want to avoid paying extra tax on healthcare (Medicare Levy Surcharge).

Indian Insurance company - Private IV


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Max New York Life Insurance Co. Limited
We are one of India’s leading private life insurance companies with a clear focus on providing best in class life insurance solution to our customers.

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MetLife Insurance Company Limited
For 137 years, MetLife has been insuring the lives of the people who depend on us. Our success is based on our long history of social responsibility, strong leadership, sound investments, and innovative products and services.
MetLife Begins
The origins of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife) go back to 1863, when a group of New York City businessmen raised $100,000 to found the National Union Life and Limb Insurance Company.
Helping and Healing People
In 1909, MetLife Vice President Haley Fiske announced that "insurance, not merely as a business proposition, but as a social program" would be the future policy of the company.
Supporting Country and Community
Over the years, MetLife has made a difference by supporting urban renewal projects and community financing. The company's social commitment and its commitment to the security of its policyholders have proven to be good business.
MetLife Today
MetLife's stated long-term goal is to become the recognized leader throughout the world with over 100 million people as customers by the year 2010. The company took a major step toward realizing this goal in January 2005, when it announced its intention to purchase Citigroup's Travelers Life & Annuity and substantially all of Citigroup's international business for $11.5 billion.

Indian Insurance Company - Private III


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ING Vysya Life Insurance Company Limited
ING Vysya Life Insurance Company Limited (the Company) entered the private life insurance industry in India in September 2001, and in a span of 5 years has established itself as a distinctive life insurance brand with an innovative, attractive and customer friendly product portfolio and a professional advisor sales force.
It has a dedicated and committed advisor sales force of over 21,000 people, working from 140 branches located in 74 major cities across the country and over 3,000 employees. It also distributes products in close cooperation with the ING Vysya Bank network. The Company has a customer base of over 4,50,000 & is headquartered at Bangalore. In 2005, ING Vysya Life earned a total income in excess of Rs. 400 crore and also has a share capital of Rs. 440 crore.
The Company aims to make customers look at life insurance afresh, not just as a tax saving device but as a means to add protection to life. The one thing we hold in highest esteem is 'life' itself. We believe in enhancing the very quality of life, in addition to safeguarding an individual's security. Our core values are therefore defined as Professional, Entrepreneurial, Trustworthy, Approachable and Caring.
The Company’s portfolio offers products that cater to every financial requirement, at any life stage. We believe in continuously developing customer-driven products and services and value being accessible and responsive to the needs of our customers.
In fact, the company has developed the LifeMakerTM. a simple method which can be used to choose a plan most suitable to a specific customer based on his needs, requirments and current life stage. This tool helps you build a complete financial plan for life, whether the requirment is Protection, Savings or Investment, Retirement.
For life insurance needs in Australia, please visit
ING Australia's Life plans*

Indian Insurance company - Private II

HDFC Standard Life Insurance Co. Limited
HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company Ltd. is one of India’s leading private life insurance companies, which offers a range of individual and group insurance solutions. It is a joint venture between Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDFC Ltd.), India’s leading housing finance institution and one of the subsidiaries of Standard Life plc, leading providers of financial services in the United Kingdom. Both the promoters are well known for their ethical dealings and financial strength and are thus committed to being a long-term player in the life insurance industry – all important factors to consider when choosing your insurer.

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ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Limited
India's Number One private life insurer, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company is a joint venture between ICICI Bank-one of India's foremost financial services companies-and Prudential plc- a leading international financial services group headquartered in the United Kingdom. Total capital infusion stands at Rs. 20.60 billion, with ICICI Bank holding a stake of 74% and Prudential plc holding 26%.

We began our operations in December 2000 after receiving approval from Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA). Today, our nation-wide team comprises of over 580 offices, over 234,000 advisors; and 22 bancassurance partners.

ICICI Prudential was the first life insurer in India to receive a National Insurer Financial Strength rating of AAA (Ind) from Fitch ratings. For three years in a row, ICICI Prudential has been voted as India's Most Trusted Private Life Insurer, by The Economic Times - AC Nielsen ORG Marg survey of 'Most Trusted Brands'. As we grow our distribution, product range and customer base, we continue to tirelessly uphold our commitment to deliver world-class financial solutions to customers all over India.

Indian Insurance company - Private Sector - I


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Allianz Bajaj Life Insurance Company Limited

Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Co. Ltd. is a joint venture between two leading conglomerates- Allianz AG, one of the world's largest insurance companies, and Bajaj Auto, one of the biggest 2 and 3 wheeler manufacturers in the world.


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About Birla Sun Life Insurance Comany Limited
Birla Sun Life Insurance pioneered the unique Unit Linked Life Insurance Solutions in India Within 4 years of its launch, BSLI has cemented its position as a leading player in the Private Life Insurance Industry
There has been focus on Investment Linked Insurance Products, supported with protection products to maintain leadership in product innovation.
Multi Distribution Channels- Direct Sales Force, Alternate Channels and Group offering convenient channels of purchase to customers.
First to have issued policies over the Internet.
Corporate governance and a high degree of transparency in all business practices and procedures.
First to have an operational Business Continuity Plan.
Strong fundamentals based on the Aditya Birla group's local insight and Sun Life Financials's global expertise.

Indian Insurance companies - Public Sector


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Life Insurance Corporation of India

Every day we wake up to the fact that more than 170 million lives are part of our family called LIC.

We are humbled by the magnitude of the responsibility we carry and realise that the lives that are associated with us are very valuable indeed.

Although this journey started five decades ago, we are still conscious of the fact that, while insurance may be a business for us, being part of millions of lives every day for the past 50 years has been a process called TRUST.

50 Years Of Trust…

…Thy Name Is LIC

Globle Insurance Company

Global insurance plans for expatriates of all nationalities

William Russell Ltd provide a range of award winning expatriate insurance plans that offer global cover at highly competitive premiums.

Having international cover is essential for expatriates and providing global insurance plans is our speciality.

The three expat insurance plans we provide are global health insurance, global life insurance and global income protection plans.

Choosing the right international health insurance and international life insurance will help to protect you and your family’s financial future wherever your business takes you.

Saturday, June 21, 2008

TYPES OF INSURANCE

Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not.
Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
  • Automobile insurance, known in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the insured's vehicle itself. Throughout most of the United States an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to a no fault system, which reduces or eliminates the ability to sue for compensation but provides automatic eligibility for benefits.
  • Aviation insurance insures against hull, spares, deductible, hull war and liability risks.
  • Boiler insurance (also known as boiler and machinery insurance or equipment breakdown insurance) insures against accidental physical damage to equipment or machinery.
  • Builder's risk insurance insures against the risk of physical loss or damage to property during construction. Builder's risk insurance is typically written on an "all risk" basis covering damage due to any cause (including the negligence of the insured) not otherwise expressly excluded.
  • Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the businessowners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a businessowner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[3]
  • Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
  • Credit insurance repays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Mortgage insurance (which see below) is a form of credit insurance, although the name credit insurance more often is used to refer to policies that cover other kinds of debt.
  • Crime insurance insures the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
  • Crop insurance "Farmers use crop insurance to reduce or manage various risks associated with growing crops. Such risks include crop loss or damage caused by weather, hail, drought, frost damage, insects, or disease, for instance."[4]
  • Defense Base Act Workers' compensation or DBA Insurance insurance provides coverage for civilian workers hired by the government to perform contracts outside the US and Canada. DBA is required for all US citizens, US residents, US Green Card holders, and all employees or subcontractors hired on overseas government contracts. Depending on the country, Foreign Nationals must also be covered under DBA. This coverage typically includes expenses related to medical treatment and loss of wages, as well as disability and death benefits.
  • Directors and officers liability insurance protects an organization (usually a corporation) from costs associated with litigation resulting from mistakes incurred by directors and officers for which they are liable. In the industry, it is usually called "D&O" for short.
  • Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
    • Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
  • Errors and omissions insurance: See "Professional liability insurance" under "Liability insurance".
  • Expatriate insurance provides individuals and organizations operating outside of their home country with protection for automobiles, property, health, liability and business pursuits.
  • Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover the failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. This type of insurance is frequently referred to as "business interruption insurance." Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category, although these products provide a benefit to a third party (the "obligee") in the event the insured party (usually referred to as the "obligor") fails to perform its obligations under a contract with the obligee.
  • Fire insurance: See "Property insurance".
  • Hazard insurance: See "Property insurance".
  • Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the UK (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available.
  • Home insurance or homeowners insurance: See "Property insurance".
  • Liability insurance is a very broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy will normally include liability coverage which protects the insured in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property; automobile insurance also includes an aspect of liability insurance that indemnifies against the harm that a crashing car can cause to others' lives, health, or property. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is twofold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder and indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Liability policies typically cover only the negligence of the insured, and will not apply to results of willful or intentional acts by the insured.
    • Environmental liability insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of pollutants.
    • Professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, protects professional practitioners such as architects, lawyers, doctors, and accountants against potential negligence claims made by their patients/clients. Professional liability insurance may take on different names depending on the profession. For example, professional liability insurance in reference to the medical profession may be called malpractice insurance. Notaries public may take out errors and omissions insurance (E&O). Other potential E&O policyholders include, for example, real estate brokers, home inspectors, appraisers, and website developers.
  • Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
    • Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
  • Locked funds insurance is a little-known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. The terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. Therefore it is used only in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required.
  • Marine insurance and marine cargo insurance cover the loss or damage of ships at sea or on inland waterways, and of the cargo that may be on them. When the owner of the cargo and the carrier are separate corporations, marine cargo insurance typically compensates the owner of cargo for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier or the carrier's insurance. Many marine insurance underwriters will include "time element" coverage in such policies, which extends the indemnity to cover loss of profit and other business expenses attributable to the delay caused by a covered loss.
  • Mortgage insurance insures the lender against default by the borrower.
  • National Insurance is the UK's version of social insurance (which see below).
  • No-fault insurance is a type of insurance policy (typically automobile insurance) where insureds are indemnified by their own insurer regardless of fault in the incident.
  • Nuclear incident insurance covers damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials and is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see the Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.)
  • Pet insurance insures pets against accidents and illnesses - some companies cover routine/wellness care and burial, as well.
  • Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
  • Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
  • Purchase insurance is aimed at providing protection on the products people purchase. Purchase insurance can cover individual purchase protection, warranties, guarantees, care plans and even mobile phone insurance. Such insurance is normally very limited in the scope of problems that are covered by the policy.
  • Retrospectively Rated Insurance is a method of establishing a premium on large commercial accounts. The final premium is based on the insured's actual loss experience during the policy term, sometimes subject to a minimum and maximum premium, with the final premium determined by a formula. Under this plan, the current year's premium is based partially (or wholly) on the current year's losses, although the premium adjustments may take months or years beyond the current year's expiration date. The rating formula is guaranteed in the insurance contract. Formula: retrospective premium = converted loss + basic premium × tax multiplier. Numerous variations of this formula have been developed and are in use.
  • Social insurance can be many things to many people in many countries. But a summary of its essence is that it is a collection of insurance coverages (including components of life insurance, disability income insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance, and others), plus retirement savings, that mandates participation by all citizens. By forcing everyone in society to be a policyholder and pay premiums, it ensures that everyone can become a claimant when or if he/she needs to. Along the way this inevitably becomes related to other concepts such as the justice system and the welfare state. This is a large, complicated topic that engenders tremendous debate, which can be further studied in the following articles (and others):
  • Terrorism insurance provides protection against any loss or damage caused by terrorist activities.
  • Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records performed at the time of a real estate transaction.
  • Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities, etc.
  • Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.

INSURANCE

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. Insurer, in economics, is the company that sells the insurance. Insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
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